Sunday, August 1, 2010

On Europe and US - Market Conditions

After my last post on the stress test i must confess i was gladly surprised with the quality of the stress tests. The methodology was uniform, the tests were rigorous enough and still a few banks failed.

Ever since July 23, Europe has been posting positive news. Either from the countries themselves - UK registering unexpected high growth and Germany with increasing confidence - or from the market itself. The Euro that has sanked to levels close to 1.15 dollars, has reached 1.31 last Friday.

On the US side, we had the release of the Q2 GDP. In turn, the US economy grew 2.4% from Q1 to Q2, on a annualized base. The ´so-called' market consensus was forecasting 2.5% for Q2. In any case, growth in the first quarter was revised up to 3.7%, meaning that growth has averaged over 3% for the first half of 2010. The comprehensive data revisions released with the report provide further evidence of just how severe the recession has been: the fall in GDP between 2007:Q4 and 2009:Q2 was 4.1%, making this the deepest recession since 1947.

According to Romer:
"The data revisions, together with recent estimates, also provide some important new information about longer-run trends. Revisions to both personal income and consumer spending have led to estimates of the personal saving rate in 2008 and 2009 that are substantially higher than previously reported. The average saving rate in 2009, for example, is now 5.9%, 1.7 percentage points higher than previously reported. In 2010:Q2, the saving rate is 6.2%. This higher saving rate is consistent with estimates reported in the Economic Report of the President of likely consumer behavior in the wake of the financial crisis. The higher level also suggests that there is room for further consumer spending growth as consumers become more confident, without returning to the very low saving rates of the past decade.

The revised data also indicate that productivity growth in 2008 and 2009 has averaged roughly 3%, slightly above the average from 1995 to 2007. Productivity growth fell sharply in 2008 (now estimated at an annual rate of -0.3%) and rose even more sharply in 2009 (at an annual rate of 6.3%). That the average over the recession and the first stages of recovery is equal to the historical average could suggest that the financial crisis has not damaged productivity growth (as some have argued)."

The Scenario for The First Week Of August
As of now, we believe that the market might observe an upward trend for August. In Europe there are a bunch of outstanding news regarding the fiscal austerity packages, the increase in confidence, the higher than expected growth in large countries like Germany. Also, we notice that the fear of the Greek sovereign default is finally gone for good.

In the US, the good news is more related to the GDP. Even if the GDP is a lagged indicator it is displaying that the economy is recovering. One might say that Q3 and Q4 are not going to be as good as Q2. However, the point is that people are already pricing this information whereas the Q2 info was not known by the market.

If you are in the market my call is to buy S & P or BMF. Have a good week!

Wednesday, July 21, 2010

A Quick Take On The European Stress Test

It has been a while since my last post.

I am always thinking that i should write on the two themes that i am following closely - Europe and the financial reform in the US. But then as I read my fellow bloggers - Rebecca Wilder, Mark Thoma, Yves Smith, Simon Johnson and James Kwak and so many others, I realize i have very little to add to the debate.

This time i think i might be adding something new, i guess. The core of this post is on the stress test. Enjoy!

The idea of the stress is to measure the banks’ performance in times of a recession combined with a sovereign crisis. Indeed, according to the Committee of European Banking Supervisors site also assumes an adverse scenario that leads to a hike in interest rates leading to a deterioration in the EU bond markets. This scenario assumes a 3% deviation of GDP for the EU compared to the EC forecasts over two years horizon.

Clearly, the idea of the European stress test, organized by the CEBS, is to be sure that banks have enough buffers to support a significant downward turn. It seems that it is only stress test equity tier 1 capital, not something else.

The list with all the banks that are being tested can be found here.

The market is signaling two important things. First, it will equally bad if all banks fail or if all banks pass. Clearly, neither scenario couldn´t be farther from the truth. Second, the Euro will get a boost of credibility mostly if there is transparency in the process.

While we hope for the best regarding the outcome of the tests, it seems that we might have a few critical problems. The major problem is that the CEBS announced that there is no need for countries to release the methodology of the tests. So, it may be the case that all Greek banks can pass the test according to the Greek methodology but fail under the German one, for example. How can we compare apples with oranges? By not having a unified methodology the CEBS is saying that the same countries that run a unified currency – the Euro – are so different income wise, GDP wise, trade wise, labor wise, tax wise, that they cannot bear the same methodology under a stress test. The question then comes: Why should countries that have different criteria for stress tests carry the same currency?

Bear in mind that countries are not required to release the methodology. But I hope regulators are aware that the key goal of this test is to enhance the Euro’s credibility and hence the more transparent it is, the more credible it gets.

The second problem with the Friday outcome is that there is no consensus on how a bank can get the required funding. So, for example, let´s it is indeed true that the nationalized Hypo Real Estate Holding AG failed the test. In this case it seems that the bank would need to raise capital in the market. Clearly, the bank will fail to raise the required capital. Then, it seems that the bank needs to ask for the local government. So, in the case Hypo Real Estate it would ask to be bailout by the German government. However, the missing aspect here is that it European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) was created exactly to bail out the banks. The €440bn ($520bn) rescue package establishes a special purpose vehicle, backed by individual guarantees provided by all 19 member countries. But if the EFSF was created with the intent of bailing out the banks why can't member countries (and their commercial banks) access the funds right away?

In the United States one should remember that the outcome of the stress tests displayed a shattered financial system. No doubts in early 2009, the system was way better than September-October 2008 but far from being considered dynamic or healthy. However, in the US, the regulators were able to inject capital in the banks that failed the test. What would happen if the state banks in Germany and Spain fail the test? Will they be required to be shut down? In the US there was a strong consensus that the government was going to bail out those who fail the test. In Europe there is no such a guarantee.

I honestly cannot foresee a happy outcome for the European stress test. While people simply are no longer talking about Greece, Portugal, Spain and Ireland, I don´t think that the sovereign crisis experienced by Greece in May 2010 is gone for good. It is not true that what we have seen was simply a confidence crisis against the Euro and against Greece. While markets may remain calm for a while, the crisis we observed early this year displayed key problems and fragilities surrounding the Euro. Here are a few obstacles of the Euro zone: the fact that countries have high debt levels, that some countries chose to preserve the old ‘welfare state’ but also like to have a strong Euro, that the Eurozone will always have different labor costs, that the Euro lacks a unified fiscal stance and most of all, that it is impossible to group poor and rich countries under a single currency.

Tuesday, January 12, 2010

O Adeus à TV Bloomberg Brasil

A TV Bloomberg vai ser extinta dia 20 de janeiro. Você, caro leitor, sabia disso? A TV Bloomberg Brasil é um veículo importante para divulgar opiniões econômicas e financeiras de alto nível. Eu ainda não me conformo com a apatia das população brasileira. Ninguém reclama, protesta ou mesmo escreve um artigo para chamar a atenção para tal fato.

A extinção da TV Bloomberg é um evento que deve trazer impactos bastante negativos à mídia de forma geral pois tende a aumentar o grau de monopólio das grandes redes nacionais e assim reduzir ainda mais o já escasso debate sobre política econômica no Brasil.

A TV Bloomberg sempre se pautou pela diversidade de opiniões e nunca se manifestou contra ou a favor de qualquer tema econômico ou político. Tal diversidade é salutar para o sistema como um todo e é, sem dúvida, um exemplo de mídia democrática.
Entretanto, como a extinção da TV Bloomberg vai beneficiar as remanescentes ninguém está nem aí com a saída da rede de TV mais importante sobre mercado financeiro.
Ninguém me pediu para escrever este blog. Entretanto, acho importante exercer meu direito de cidadã e reclamar e clamar a atenção para tal fato. Na verdade, um tema bem menos relevante como o caso do pai americano que ganhou a custódia do filho de mãe brasileira (não sei o nome pq me recusei a seguir tamanha idiotice), ganhou muito mais destaque na mídia nacional e internacional.

Entretanto, o encerramento das operações de uma das mais bem sucedidas emissoras de TV do mundo, não mereceu nenhuma nota ou mesmo reclamação de ninguém que eu conheça aqui no Brasil ou no exterior.

O final da TV Bloomberg Brasil deixa a porta aberta para que a rede CNBC (maior rede de TV sobre mercado financeiro americano) venha a entrar no mercado brasileiro e tomar o mercado que a Bloomberg conquistou à duras penas durante anos a fio.

Enquanto economista as vezes me pergunto porquê vivemos num país subdesenvolvido. Neste exato momento, minha resposta pouco científica, viesada e triste é sobretudo em virtude de traços culturais. Um país onde falta diversidade de opiniões é um país que está fadado à pobreza, senão econômica, ao menos intelectual. O encerramento das operações da TV Bloomberg Brasil marca um retrocesso em termos culturais. E, como tudo de bom que acaba neste país, a Bloomberg encerra suas operações calada.

Já sinto saudades da TV Bloomberg Brasil!!

Sunday, November 8, 2009

The Subprime Primer

Please forgive me for being absent this semester. I had no time to blog since my last post but I intend to resume blogging on a regular basis after Xmas.

In between, I decided to post this sketch I received from Victor Arakaki on the subprime mess.

We say that a good joke is worth more than a thousand words, right? Please check this out, you won´t regret.

Enjoy,

Vitoria









































































Source: Victor Arakaki

Wednesday, August 5, 2009

Por Que as Bolsas de Valores Nos BRICs Estão Subindo Tanto?

Nas últimas semanas, os mercados de ativos nas economias maduras - após subirem de forma brutal por três meses - fizeram uma pausa e começaram um período de correção nas últimas semanas.

Até que esssa última correção recente começasse houve um significativo aumento no preço dos ativos. De fato, esse movimento de alta tem sido verificado de forma sistemática desde da segunda semana de março de 2009. Observou-se altas no mercado de ações, elevação dos preços de petróleo e alta no preço das commodities. Do lado monetário, verificou-se uma contração nos spreads de crédito sugerindo um aumento de confiança no setor privado. Além disso, o fato das taxas de juros de longo prazo dos títulos do tesouro americano subiram de 2% para 4% sugerindo que o mercado esta prevendo crescimento econômico num futuro próximo. Um outro fator positivo importante é a recente queda da volatilidade dos preços dos ativos, indicando um aumento de confiança e um redução na aversão ao risco.

Nos mercados emergentes, os preços dos principais ativos - ações, títulos e moeda - nunca estiveram tão otimistas. De fato, os índices dos BRICs estão mostrando que desde o início de 2009 alguns investidores começaram a acreditar que essas economias - a começar com a China – devem registrar um significativo crescimento econômico em 2009 e tal crescimento vai tender a aumentar ainda mais o preço das commodities.
No caso do Brasil, a Bovespa atingiu em meados de agosto o nível mais alto dos útlimos 11 meses sobretudo em virtude do aumento de confiança que a recessão generalizada está terminando e que a perspectiva é de melhoria do cenário global. De fato, em julho a Bovesta teve o seu melhor mês desde 1998 sendo que a razão de tal excepcional performance está relacionada a significativa melhoria do cenário internacional.

No caso da China, após registrar queda de 70% no final de 2007, o Índice composto de Shanghai (Shanghai Composite Index) registrou impressionante alta de 91% no acumulado do ano de 2009 até julho. As razões de 'price/earning`mais do que dobraram sobretudo considerando o nível baixo que se encontravam em novembro de 2008. A excepcional performance do mercado de ações na China está relacionada as expectativas que a recuperação da economia chinesa caminha a pleno vapor.
No caso da Índia, a bolsa de valores subiu 47% no acumulado do ano de 2009 até julho. De fato, o índice caiu no início de 2009, fazendo a Índia ficar atras do Brasil, Russia e China (BRICs) no primeiro trimestre de 2009. De fato, o mercado atingiu um piso em começo de março de 2009 e desde então subiu 94% desde março até julho de 2009. A subida de 28% em maio de 2009 é o melhor ganho mensal da bolsa indiana desde 1992. Entretanto, o otimismo do mercado indiano está refletindo a incerteza quanto a recuperação econômica nos Estados Unidos. Deste modo, o mercado indiano também tem apresentado elevada volatilidade em virtude da incerteza quanto ao rumo futuro da economia americana sobretudo se a recessão já acabou mesmo ou não.

No caso da Rússia, as ações tiveram uma longa alta de nove meses, com o petróleo sendo negociado a $71 por barril. As projeções otimistas para os metais aumentaram o preço das ações de minérios. O índice da bolsa de valores da Russia - Micex - subiu 90% em seis meses sobretudo considerando que o petróleo - o principal item da pauta de exportação russa - mais do que dobrou desde que atingiu o nível mais baixo de fevereiro de 2009.

Em outras palavras, os mercados centrais que há quatro meses atras estavam precificando uma profunda recessão com um formato de L passaram a precificar uma rápida recuperação em formato de V com as economias centrais crescendo próximo ao produto potencial. A melhora das expectativas econômicas nos países centrais pode ser explicada sobretudo pelas ações agressivas tomadas pelo Federal Reserve, pelo Tesouro americano. Fora dos EUA, cabe mencionar o expressivo pacote fiscal lançado pela China em novembro de 2008. De modo análogo, Índia e Brasil também lançaram suas versões do "Paulson Plan". Ou seja, todos os grandes países em diferentes graus entenderam que a mera utlização de política monetária seria insuficiente para retirar o sistema da profunda recessão mundial. Não há duvidas atualmente que o risco de uma recessão em formato de L é quase inexistente.

Muito embora o aumento de confiança na economia global explique o excepcional desempenho do mercado acionário nos BRICs e nas economias desenvolvidas, é preciso lembrar também que os fundamentos não são o único fator em movimento. É possivel que uma parcela da alta de alguns mercados esteje ligado à maior liquidez, especialmente considerando que os governos aumentaram a liquidez do sistema e somente agora tal aumento da liquidez está chegando no mercado de ativos.

Atualmente os mercados estão precificando que a recesssão já está chegando ao fim. Nas economias centrais, a recuperação deve ocorrer, muito embora os fundamentos dessas economias - em especial EUA, zona do Euro e Reino Unido - estejem ainda bastante deprimidos. Há problemas profundos no sistema financeiro desses países, no sistema de hipotecas, entre outros que inibem uma retomada sustentada do crescimento econômico nos países centrais. Há também poucas dúvidas que os elevados déficits fiscais que estão sendo monetizados venham a aumentar as expectativas inflacionárias futuras. Sem dúvida em algum momento os EUA terão que reduzir a elevada dívida federal. De fato, a dívida pública americana vem crescendo a taxas maiores do que a taxa de crescimento do PIB. No final de 2008 a dívida publica era equivalente a 41% do PIB e conforme projeções do Congressional Budget Office a dívida pública americana deve aumentar para 82% do PIB em 10 anos. A elevada dívida pública americana é apenas um dos muitos problemas a serem resolvidos pelos EUA nos próximos anos.

Neste cenário de início de uma recuperação gradual das economias centrais há poucas dúvidas que os mercados emergentes devem ter uma melhor performance do que as economias centrais. Entre os emergentes, o destaque especial são os países que compõem os BRICs - Brasil, Russia, Índia e China. Não há dúvidas que mesmo os BRICs também dependem da demanda externa, como fonte de crescimento e, neste sentido, não podem descolar totalmente do ritmo da recuperação da economia mundial. Por outro lado, esta crise mostrou que a demanda doméstica de países como China e Brasil estão sendo capazes de sustentar o crescimento do PIB destes países num momento onde o mundo está registrando taxas de crescimento negativas.

Em síntese, as bolsas de valores dos BRICs estão refletindo a euforia do eventual final do cenário recessivo a nível mundial. Além disso, esses mesmos países também injetaram liquidez no sistema e possivelmente tal aumento de liquidez esteje atigindo os principais mercados de ativos. A recuperação econômica dos países centrais - leia-se EUA, zona do EURO, Reino Unido e Japão - deve ser tímida em 2010. Em contraste, os BRICs devem registrar elevadas taxas de cresciemento em 2010, com China liderando o grupo (8.9% de crescimento projetado para 2010 e 7.7% para 2009), seguido de Índia (7.3% para 2010 e 5.7% para 2009), Brasil (4% em 2010 e 0.5% em 2009) e Rússia (1% para 2010 e -8.1% para 2009).

Tuesday, July 14, 2009

A Brief Overview on Latam FX and Brazil´s Inflation and Selic

FX Perspectives in Latin America
In contrast to Emerging Europe, Latin America has emerged out of the crisis as more resilient. This is so in part because of flexible exchange rates, lower leverage than Emerging Europe and better macro conditions. In fact, some countries in Latin America are implementing counter cyclical fiscal policies to fight the external crisis. The key countries using counter cyclical fiscal policy in Latam are Brazil, Peru and Chile. This differentiation adds to the perception that Latin American credit ratings lag other emerging markets and the near-term prospects for rating actions in regards to several regional countries on the cusp of an investment grade including Brazil, Colombia, Panama, Peru and Costa Rica point to the upside. Regarding growth, we believe GDP will converge to its potential level by mid 2010. In the absence of significative inflationary pressures, it is hardly possible that monetary authorities in key Latam countries hike rates until Q2 2010. In turn, it is possible that FX play an imoportant role especially considering that moderate growth rates may also induce central banks to become more tolerant with eventual currency weakness.

Brazil: Inflation and Interest Rates Decision
The latest BCB's consensus survey showed significant upward revisions in inflation expectations, with the median of 2009 IPCA projections increasing to 4.50% (from 4.42% in the previous week), after hovering below the target midpoint for four months deterioration in the inflation scenario. It is not only the short term inflation expectations tht are deteriorating mostly because the 2010 expectations are also pointing to the target midpoint, with this week posting 4.40% from 4.43%. The clear signs that the economy is already expanding, along with the definition of the 2011 target at 4.50%, in an election year should move 2010 market expectations to 4.50% in the coming months, but still significant local and global idle capacity should prevent inflation expectations from moving above targeted levels. In our opinion, this picture is in line with the Copom delivering one more round of rate cuts (by 50bp) this month, which would leave the Selic at 8.75% until July 2010.

Wednesday, July 8, 2009

Recover in Sight - the IMF Take on the World

The IMF has just released an update of its World Economic Outlook. The main news is that growth during 2009-10 is now set to be 0.5% higher than forecast by the IMF in April, reaching 2.5 percent in 2010. The IMF recognizes that they overestimated the size of the recession in both, US and Japan.

In the same report the Fund says that financial conditions have improved, as forceful policy intervention has reduced the risk of systemic collapse and expectations of economic recovery have risen. Clearly the world wide policy response in both - finance and macro - have minimized the risk of a systemic crisis and indeed improved market confidence. The IMF emphasized thatr recovery likely to be sluggish

Financial conditions have improved more than expected, owing mainly to public intervention, and recent data suggest that the rate of decline in economic activity is moderating, although to varying degrees among regions.

Despite these positive signs, the global recession is not over, and the recovery is still expected to be slow as financial institutions remain weak and credit intermediation impaired, support from public policies will gradually diminish, and households in countries that suffered asset price busts will rebuild savings.

According to the IMF the main policy priority remains restoring financial sector health. Macroeconomic policies need to stay supportive, while preparing the ground for an orderly unwinding of extraordinary levels of public intervention. At the same time, given weak internal demand prospects in a number of current account deficit countries, including the United States, policies need to sustain stronger demand in key surplus countries.


For the IMF:

"In the United States, high-frequency indicators point to a diminishing rate of deterioration, including in the labor and housing markets. Industrial production may be close to bottoming out, the inventory cycle is turning, and business and consumer confidence has improved. These developments are consistent with stabilization of output during the second half of 2009, with a gradual recovery emerging in 2010.

In Japan, following a dismal first quarter, there are signs that output is stabilizing. Improved consumer confidence, progress in inventory adjustment, aggressive fiscal policies, and strong performance by some other Asian economies are expected to lift growth in the coming quarters.

In the euro area, consumer and business survey indicators have been recovering, but data on real activity show few signs of stabilization and thus activity is projected to strengthen more slowly than elsewhere. Macroeconomic policies are providing support, but much of the adjustment in the labor market still lies ahead. Rising unemployment will weigh on consumption and activity, as will the economy’s heavy dependence on a still-ailing banking sector.

Emerging and developing economies are projected to regain growth momentum during the second half of 2009, albeit with notable regional differences. Low-income countries are facing important challenges because official aid has fallen and these economies are particularly vulnerable to swings in commodity prices."

In brief, EM will grow by only 1.5% in 2009 but will rebound to 4.7% in 2010. China will grow by 7.5% in 2009 and 8.5% in 2010. India will also present high rate of growth of 5.4% in 2009 and 6.5% in 2010. Asia will contract by 0.3% in 2009 before growing 3.7%. In contrast, some regions will post negative growth: Latin America (-2.6), Eastern Europe (-5) and CIS (-5.8).